Unintended Consequences
By: Eric Sprott & David Baker
2012 is proving to be the 'Year of the Central Bank'.
It is an exciting celebration of all the wonderful maneuvers central banks can employ to keep the system from falling apart.
Western central banks have gone into complete overdrive since last November, convening, colluding and printing their way
out of the mess that is the Eurozone.
Western central banks have gone into complete overdrive since last November, convening, colluding and printing their way
out of the mess that is the Eurozone.
The scale and frequency of their maneuvering seems to increase with every passing week, and speaks to the
desperate fragility that continues to define much of the financial system today.
desperate fragility that continues to define much of the financial system today.
The first major maneuver took place on November 30, 2011, when the world's G6 central banks (the Federal
Reserve, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan, the European Central Bank [ECB], the Swiss National Bank,
and the Bank of Canada) announced "coordinated actions to enhance their capacity to provide liquidity support to
the global financial system".
Long story short, in an effort to avert a total collapse in the European banking system,
the US Fed agreed to offer unlimited US dollar swap agreements with the other central banks. These US dollar
swaps allow the other central banks, most notably the ECB, to borrow US dollars from the Federal Reserve and lend
them to their respective national banks to meet withdrawals and make debt payments. The best part about these
swaps is that they are limitless in scope – meaning that until February 1, 2013, the Federal Reserve is, and will be,
prepared to lend as many US dollars as it takes to keep the financial system from imploding. It sounds absolutely
great, and the Europeans should be nothing but thankful, except for the tiny little fact that to supply these unlimited
US dollars, the Federal Reserve will have to print them out of thin air.
Reserve, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan, the European Central Bank [ECB], the Swiss National Bank,
and the Bank of Canada) announced "coordinated actions to enhance their capacity to provide liquidity support to
the global financial system".
Long story short, in an effort to avert a total collapse in the European banking system,
the US Fed agreed to offer unlimited US dollar swap agreements with the other central banks. These US dollar
swaps allow the other central banks, most notably the ECB, to borrow US dollars from the Federal Reserve and lend
them to their respective national banks to meet withdrawals and make debt payments. The best part about these
swaps is that they are limitless in scope – meaning that until February 1, 2013, the Federal Reserve is, and will be,
prepared to lend as many US dollars as it takes to keep the financial system from imploding. It sounds absolutely
great, and the Europeans should be nothing but thankful, except for the tiny little fact that to supply these unlimited
US dollars, the Federal Reserve will have to print them out of thin air.
Don't worry, it gets better. Since unlimited US swap lines weren't enough to solve the problem, roughly three
weeks later, on December 21, 2011, the European Central Bank launched the first tranche of its lauded Long
Term Refinancing Operation (LTRO). This is the program where the ECB flooded 523 separate European banks
with 489 billion euros worth of 3-year loans to keep them going through Christmas. A second tranche of LTRO
loans is planned to launch at the end of February, with expectations for size ranging from 300 billion to more than
1 trillion euros of uptake.
The good news is that Italian, Portuguese and Spanish bond yields have dropped since
the first LTRO went through, which suggests that at least some of the initial LTRO funds have been reinvested
back into sovereign debt auctions. The bad news is that the Eurozone banks may now be hooked on what is clearly
a back-door quantitative easing (QE) program, and as the warning goes for addictive drugs – once you start, it can
be very hard to stop.
weeks later, on December 21, 2011, the European Central Bank launched the first tranche of its lauded Long
Term Refinancing Operation (LTRO). This is the program where the ECB flooded 523 separate European banks
with 489 billion euros worth of 3-year loans to keep them going through Christmas. A second tranche of LTRO
loans is planned to launch at the end of February, with expectations for size ranging from 300 billion to more than
1 trillion euros of uptake.
The good news is that Italian, Portuguese and Spanish bond yields have dropped since
the first LTRO went through, which suggests that at least some of the initial LTRO funds have been reinvested
back into sovereign debt auctions. The bad news is that the Eurozone banks may now be hooked on what is clearly
a back-door quantitative easing (QE) program, and as the warning goes for addictive drugs – once you start, it can
be very hard to stop.
Britain is definitely hooked. On February 9, 2012, the Bank of England announced another QE extension for 50 billion
pounds, raising their total QE print to £325 billion since March 2009.
Japan's hooked as well. On February 14, 2012, the Bank of Japan announced a ¥10 trillion ($129 billion) expansion
to its own QE program, raising its total QE program to ¥65 trillion ($825 billion).
Not to be outdone, in the most recent Fed news conference, US Fed Chairman Bernanke signaled that the Fed will
keep interest rates near zero until late 2014, which is 18 months later than he
had promised in Fed meetings last year. If Bernanke keeps his word, by the end of 2014 the US government will have
enjoyed near zero interest rates for six years in a row. Granted, extended zero percent interest rates is not nearly
as satisfying as a proper QE program, but who needs traditional QE when the Fed already buys 91 percent of all
20-30 year maturity US Treasury bonds?
Perhaps they're saving traditional QE for the upcoming election.
pounds, raising their total QE print to £325 billion since March 2009.
Japan's hooked as well. On February 14, 2012, the Bank of Japan announced a ¥10 trillion ($129 billion) expansion
to its own QE program, raising its total QE program to ¥65 trillion ($825 billion).
Not to be outdone, in the most recent Fed news conference, US Fed Chairman Bernanke signaled that the Fed will
keep interest rates near zero until late 2014, which is 18 months later than he
had promised in Fed meetings last year. If Bernanke keeps his word, by the end of 2014 the US government will have
enjoyed near zero interest rates for six years in a row. Granted, extended zero percent interest rates is not nearly
as satisfying as a proper QE program, but who needs traditional QE when the Fed already buys 91 percent of all
20-30 year maturity US Treasury bonds?
Perhaps they're saving traditional QE for the upcoming election.
All of this pervasive intervention most likely explains more than 90 percent of the market's positive performance
this past January. Had the G6 NOT convened on swaps, had the ECB NOT launched the LTRO programs, and had
Bernanke NOT expressed a continuation of zero interest rates, one wonders where the equity indices would trade
today. One also wonders if the European banking system would have made it through December. Thank goodness
for "coordinated action". It does work in the short-term.
this past January. Had the G6 NOT convened on swaps, had the ECB NOT launched the LTRO programs, and had
Bernanke NOT expressed a continuation of zero interest rates, one wonders where the equity indices would trade
today. One also wonders if the European banking system would have made it through December. Thank goodness
for "coordinated action". It does work in the short-term.
But what about the long-term? What are the unintended consequences of repeatedly juicing the system? What are
the repercussions of all this money printing? We can think of a few.
the repercussions of all this money printing? We can think of a few.
First and foremost, without continued central bank support, interbank liquidity may cease to function entirely in the
coming year. Consider the implications of the ECB's LTRO program: when you create a loan program to save the
EU banks and make its participation voluntary, every one of those 523 banks that participates is essentially admitting
that they have a problem. How will they ever lend money to each other again? If you're a bank that participated in
the LTRO program because you were on the verge of bankruptcy, how can you possibly trust other banks that took
advantage of the same program? The ECB's LTRO program has the potential to be very dangerous, because if
the EU banks start to rely on the loans too heavily, the ECB may find itself inadvertently attached to the broken
EU banking system forever.
coming year. Consider the implications of the ECB's LTRO program: when you create a loan program to save the
EU banks and make its participation voluntary, every one of those 523 banks that participates is essentially admitting
that they have a problem. How will they ever lend money to each other again? If you're a bank that participated in
the LTRO program because you were on the verge of bankruptcy, how can you possibly trust other banks that took
advantage of the same program? The ECB's LTRO program has the potential to be very dangerous, because if
the EU banks start to rely on the loans too heavily, the ECB may find itself inadvertently attached to the broken
EU banking system forever.
The second unintended consequence is the impact that interventions have had on the non-G6 countries' perception
of western solvency. If you're a foreign lender to the United States, Britain, Europe or Japan today, how comfortable
can you possibly be in lending them money? How do you lend to countries whose sole basis as a going concern rests
in their ability to wrangle cash injections printed by their respective central banks? Going further, what happens when
the rest of the world, the non-G6 world, starts to question the G6 Central Banks themselves? What entity exists to
bailout the financial system if the market moves against the Fed or the ECB?
of western solvency. If you're a foreign lender to the United States, Britain, Europe or Japan today, how comfortable
can you possibly be in lending them money? How do you lend to countries whose sole basis as a going concern rests
in their ability to wrangle cash injections printed by their respective central banks? Going further, what happens when
the rest of the world, the non-G6 world, starts to question the G6 Central Banks themselves? What entity exists to
bailout the financial system if the market moves against the Fed or the ECB?
The fact remains that there are few rungs left in the financial confidence chain in 2012, and central banks may end
up pushing their printing schemes too far. In 2008-2009, it was the banks that lost credibility and required massive
bailouts by their respective sovereign states. In 2010-2011, it was the sovereigns, most notably those in Europe,
that lost credibility and required massive bailouts by their respective central banks. But there is no lender of last
resort for the central banks themselves. That the IMF is now trying to raise another $600 billion as a security buffer
doesn't go unnoticed, but do they honestly think that's going to make any difference?
up pushing their printing schemes too far. In 2008-2009, it was the banks that lost credibility and required massive
bailouts by their respective sovereign states. In 2010-2011, it was the sovereigns, most notably those in Europe,
that lost credibility and required massive bailouts by their respective central banks. But there is no lender of last
resort for the central banks themselves. That the IMF is now trying to raise another $600 billion as a security buffer
doesn't go unnoticed, but do they honestly think that's going to make any difference?
When reviewing today's macro environment, we keep coming back to the same conclusion. The non-G6 world
isn't blind to the efforts of the Fed and the ECB. When the Fed openly targets a 2 percent inflation rate, foreign
lenders know that means they will lose, at a minimum, at least 2 percent of purchasing power on their US loans
in 2012. It therefore shouldn't surprise anyone to see those lenders piling into alternative assets that have a better
chance at protecting their wealth, long-term.
isn't blind to the efforts of the Fed and the ECB. When the Fed openly targets a 2 percent inflation rate, foreign
lenders know that means they will lose, at a minimum, at least 2 percent of purchasing power on their US loans
in 2012. It therefore shouldn't surprise anyone to see those lenders piling into alternative assets that have a better
chance at protecting their wealth, long-term.
This is likely why China reduced its US Treasury exposure by $32 billion in the month of December
(See Figure 1).
(....click the link at the very end of this article to see this chart....)
This is also why China, which produced 360 tonnes of gold internally last year, also imported an additional
428 tonnes in 2011, up from 119 tonnes in 2010.
This may also be why China's copper imports hit a record high
of 508,942 tonnes in December 2011, up 47.7 percent from the previous year, despite the fact that their GDP
declined at year-end.
Same goes for their crude oil imports, which hit a record high of 23.41 million metric tons
this past January, up 7.4 percent year-over-year.
The so-called experts have a habit of downplaying these numbers,
but it seems pretty clear to us: China isn't waiting around for next QE program. They are accelerating their move
away from paper currencies and into hard assets.
this past January, up 7.4 percent year-over-year.
The so-called experts have a habit of downplaying these numbers,
but it seems pretty clear to us: China isn't waiting around for next QE program. They are accelerating their move
away from paper currencies and into hard assets.
China is not alone in this trend either. Russia has reportedly cut its US Treasury exposure by half since October 2010
(See Figure 2). Not surprisingly, Russia was also a big buyer of gold in 2011, adding approximately 95 tonnes to its
gold reserves, with 33 tonnes added in the fourth quarter alone.
It's not hard to envision higher gold prices if the rest of the non-G6 countries follow-suit.
(See Figure 2). Not surprisingly, Russia was also a big buyer of gold in 2011, adding approximately 95 tonnes to its
gold reserves, with 33 tonnes added in the fourth quarter alone.
It's not hard to envision higher gold prices if the rest of the non-G6 countries follow-suit.
FIGURE 2: RUSSIA US TREASURY HOLDINGS ($BN)
(....click the link at the very end of this article to see this chart....)
The problem with central bank intervention is that it never works out as planned. The unintended consequences
end up cancelling out the short-term benefits. Back in 2008, when the Fed introduced zero percent interest rates,
everyone thought it was a great policy. Four years later, however, and we're finally beginning to appreciate the
complete destruction it has wreaked on savers. Just look at the horror show that is the pension industry today:
According to Credit Suisse, of the 341 companies in the S&P 500 index with defined benefit pension plans,
97 percent are underfunded today.
According to a recent pension study by Seattle-based Milliman Inc., the combined deficit of the 100 largest
defined-benefit plans in the US increased by $236.4 billion in 2011 alone.
The main culprit for the increase? Depressed interest rates on government bonds.
end up cancelling out the short-term benefits. Back in 2008, when the Fed introduced zero percent interest rates,
everyone thought it was a great policy. Four years later, however, and we're finally beginning to appreciate the
complete destruction it has wreaked on savers. Just look at the horror show that is the pension industry today:
According to Credit Suisse, of the 341 companies in the S&P 500 index with defined benefit pension plans,
97 percent are underfunded today.
According to a recent pension study by Seattle-based Milliman Inc., the combined deficit of the 100 largest
defined-benefit plans in the US increased by $236.4 billion in 2011 alone.
The main culprit for the increase? Depressed interest rates on government bonds.
Let's also not forget the public sector pension shortfalls, which are outright frightening. In Europe, unfunded state
pension obligations are estimated to total $39 trillion dollars, which is approximately five times higher than Europe's
combined gross debt.
In the United States, unfunded pension obligations increased by $2.9 trillion in 2011. If the US
actually acknowledged these costs in their deficit calculations, their official 2011 fiscal deficit would have risen from
the reported $1.3 trillion to $4.2 trillion.
Written the long way, that's a deficit of $4,200,000,000,000,… in one year.
pension obligations are estimated to total $39 trillion dollars, which is approximately five times higher than Europe's
combined gross debt.
In the United States, unfunded pension obligations increased by $2.9 trillion in 2011. If the US
actually acknowledged these costs in their deficit calculations, their official 2011 fiscal deficit would have risen from
the reported $1.3 trillion to $4.2 trillion.
Written the long way, that's a deficit of $4,200,000,000,000,… in one year.
There is unfortunately no economic textbook to guide us through these strange times, but common sense suggests
we should be extremely wary of the continued maneuvering by central banks. The more central banks print to save
the system, the more the system will rely on their printing to stay solvent – and you cannot solve a debt problem
with more debt, and you cannot print money without serious repercussions. The central banks are fueling a growing
distrust among the creditor nations that is forcing them to take pre-emptive actions with their currency reserves.
Individual investors should take note and follow-suit, because it will be a lot easier to enjoy the
"Year of the Central Bank" if you own things that can actually benefit from all their printing, as opposed to things
that can only be destroyed by it.
we should be extremely wary of the continued maneuvering by central banks. The more central banks print to save
the system, the more the system will rely on their printing to stay solvent – and you cannot solve a debt problem
with more debt, and you cannot print money without serious repercussions. The central banks are fueling a growing
distrust among the creditor nations that is forcing them to take pre-emptive actions with their currency reserves.
Individual investors should take note and follow-suit, because it will be a lot easier to enjoy the
"Year of the Central Bank" if you own things that can actually benefit from all their printing, as opposed to things
that can only be destroyed by it.
Safe Harbor Statement:
Some forward looking statements on projections, estimates, expectations & outlook are included to enable a better comprehension of the Company prospects. Actual results may, however, differ materially from those stated on account of factors such as changes in government regulations, tax regimes, economic developments within India and the countries within which the Company conducts its business, exchange rate and interest rate movements, impact of competing products and their pricing, product demand and supply constraints.
Nothing in this article is, or should be construed as, investment advice.
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